Projecting & Thinking Techniques

Suggestions, Solutions, Approaches

An Explanation About Shared Files

 My struggle to prepare such long files in this way actually has a simple purpose.  Being able to write a foreword.  Up to 3,000 characters.  As a LinkedIn message.  Sometimes I literally like to sit down and do hundreds of pages of research and make summaries in order to write this message.

 Getting lost in the research I’ve done, following the tracks, seeing the tracks I’ve been following mixed together, then gently separating them from each other…

 Finally, to discuss the subject that pushed me to do this whole study in a few paragraphs and to share my thoughts.

 Without thinking too much about whether it will help anyone or not… Hoping that it will help me about a subject that I have my eyes on… But of course, taking into account the priorities and understandings of my friends whom I hope to read.

 Sometimes I tell them, the place I want it to be read is the preface.  Others are also very important, but I add them to the file just to share my research and readings with you.  Anyway, except for the Preface, it’s not usually my words.  My compilations.  ChatGPT, my conversations with BING.  This file contains what I consider important from those conversations, and I share them with you as an appendix to the Preface…

The Aim of This File

This file has been prepared as an information file for a group of young entrepreneurs who have now graduated from the university, after they wanted to establish a “Projecting and Solution Center”…

Purpose of the Files I Prepare

I have friends who are currently studying at university or have just graduated.  From time to time, we invite them to the terrace of the house where I live, organize barbecue parties and talk with them about their future, and we do projection work together.

Whoever has a suggestion is put forward and discussed.  The aim is to find out what the relevant studies are for their future from today and to start those studies immediately.

In one of these interviews, I saw that they had difficulties in developing ideas and I made the following suggestion to them:

Let’s give yourself one last chance and create something called “12 MONTHS FEASIBILITY STUDY PROGRAM” that will last for 1 year, before your current students go to any work, and before your graduates enter any company and start working.

Let’s put forward an idea every month and do feasibility studies about it.  But let’s do this work like this:

1. Read a novel every month.

2. Prepare a file containing technical details on a technical subject you already know every month.

3. Let’s read at least 4 articles on the subject each month.

4. Then, let’s try to find out the relationship of this technical subject with social life through the novels and articles we read.

5. And let’s identify a need.

6. Let’s propose a solution to meet this need.

7. And the next month, let’s do the feasibility studies of a project idea for this solution.

8. On the other hand, let’s do the readings we have determined for that month.

9. Finally, let’s choose one or more of these feasibility projects and try to implement them.

For my friends who agreed to do this work, I sit down and prepare such files and present them to them.

With the thought that maybe it will be an option for the articles they will read…

Thinking that it might be of use to them in my own way… 15.06.2023 17:23

Akk

Contents

1. Preface
2. Outline
3. About the Content of This File
4. What is “Suggestion”
5. What is “Solution”
6. What is “Approach”
7. What is “Projecting”

Outline

1. Cover
2. An Explanation About the Shared Files
3. The Aim of This File
4. Purpose of the Files I Prepare
5. Contents
6. Outline
7. Preface
8. About the Content of This File
9. Suggestions
   1. What is Suggestion?
   1. What is a “suggestion” in business?
   1. How are recommendations prepared and presented?
   1. People Who Can Offer Suggestions
      1. What is insight?
      1. Reflection
      1. Philosophy and Reflection
      1. Meditation in the Renaissance
      1. Reflection in the Renaissance
   1. The Way to Provide Useful Suggestions
   1. Suggestions and the Renaissance
      1. Examples of Renaissance Developments
   1. Technology and Suggestion
   1. Appearance of Suggestions
      1. Brainstorming Technique
         1. A historical analysis of the emergence and development of the brainstorming technique.
         1. Brainstorming Variations
         1. Alex Osborn
            1. Your Creative Power, Osborn
      1. Mental Mapping Technique
         1. Brain Abilities
         1. Tony Buzan
            1. The Mind Map Book
            1. The Ultimate Book of Mind Maps
      1. Parallel Thinking Technique
         1. Alex Osborn
            1. Your Creative Power, Osborn
         1. Edward de Bono
      1. Traditional Thinking Techniques.
         1. Analytical Thinking
         1.  Logical Thinking
         1.  Deductive Thinking
         1.  Inductive Thinking
         1.  Critical Thinking
   1. Skepticism
      1. The followers of septic thought, in chronological order…
      1. Essais, Michel de Montaigne
      1. Descartes & Skepticism
   1. Techniques for Thinking
10. Solution
    1. The Concept of “Solution” in Business
    1. Solution Process Steps
    1. The Concept of “Target” in the Business World
    1. SMART Criteria
    1. Suggestion and Solution Relationship.
11. Approaching
    1. Philosophical Foundations of Approach Development.
       1. Plato and Idealism
          1.  Aristotle and Empiricism
          1.  Descartes and Rationalism
          1.  Kant and Critical Philosophy
          1.  A priori &  A posteriori Knowledge
       1.  Kant’s Distinction between Phenomenon and Noumen
       1.  Phenomena and Noumens: Examples
    1.  “Getting Information” & “Developing an Approach”
12. Projecting
    1. Historical Development of Project Planning
    1. PMBOK Guide
       1.  Where to get version 7 of the PMBOK manual
       1.  Version 7 of the PMBOK manual – OUTLINE
       1.  Fee for the PMBOK manual
       1.  Differences between version 6 and version 7 of the PMBOK manual
       1.  Who uses the PMBOK guideline for what
    1.  PMBOK 5 Process Groups
    1.  PMBOK 10 Knowledge Areas
    1.  Project Management Institute – PMI
    1.  Agile and Scrum

Preface

I tried to prepare this file as an information file for a group of young entrepreneurs who have already graduated from the university and wanted to establish a “Projecting and Solution Center”.

The main issue is a solution center that will provide project design services, but I tried to prepare this issue by giving priority to the following issues:

1. Suggestion
2. Solution
3. Approach

 Finally, the main issue:

• Projecting

If I were to go directly to the subject of Projecting, I had a feeling and thought that it would be incomplete, as if things would not go well.

In an environment where the intricacies of the concept of proposal are not known, neither an approach nor a solution can be put forward.

Then I put the concepts of Suggestion and Solution both on the table and looked at them from above and tried to see the relationship between them.

I thought there would be no solution if there was no suggestion.

But on the other hand, I thought that the solution was to put forward a proposal, and I thought that I was lost in a river!…

Then, when the concept of “approach” came into my mind… Then, when the concept of “acquiring knowledge” got involved and started to think about it, I felt like I was in a jungle!…

But that’s what I wanted anyway… Let me break up first so that I can enjoy the tidying up.  There is no pleasure or joy in getting better without breaking up…

With these thoughts in my mind, I discussed these PRIORITY issues in an organized way so as not to let my friends who read it get too distracted.  Then the requirements of the project design firm…

But not company setup requirements, but serviceability requirements.

On what standards in the world project design is handled… They should also handle it this way…

About the Content of This File

In order to have a partial answer to a question asked by Ms. Bahar Beşer * … The question is at the following address:

“Projelendirme ve Düşünme Teknikleri / Projecting and Thinking Techniques, 30.05.2023, İzmir / Türkiye”

*Ms. Bahar Beşer : https://www.linkedin.com/in/baharbeser

The question is:

In that file I had written:

There are 4 basic steps involved in the realization of a project idea.  The process progresses and develops with these successive steps.

 These steps are:

 1. 100 Determination of the project subject and making the definition.

 2. 200 Feasibility studies

 3. 300 Project Planning Studies

 4. 400 Implementation Studies

Ms. Bahar, on the other hand, asked:

 “100,200,300,400 any other details of these titles?”

I tried to deal with the details of “300 Project Design Studies” in this file…

 ***

With the encouragement of my friend, Mr. Hasan Hüseyin Mutlu *, who I met on LinkedIn and now talked to is very valuable, and if he agrees, I attempted to prepare such a file.

* Mr. Hasan Hüseyin Mutlu : https://www.linkedin.com/in/hasanhmutlu

 I thank him very much for his gracious thoughts and approaches.

However, I have prepared a draft of another article on “Projecting and Developing a Suggestion“. A more sincere and informal article… I hope to be able to share it as soon as possible.

 Greetings, regards…

What is Suggestion?

A “Suggestion” is an advice or a road map offered to an individual or a group to do, consider, or follow.  Advice is often offered to provide help, solve a problem, or show a way to achieve a goal.

A recommendation is an idea or form of guidance, often presented on the basis of experience, knowledge or expertise.  A suggestion can help a person make a better decision or contribute to a better outcome on something.  Recommendations can be made on many different topics, for example in areas such as work, education, relationships, health, travel or personal development.

Suggestions are usually presented in good faith and attempt to fit the needs and goals of the individual or group.  However, not every recommendation is valid or appropriate in all situations.  Suggestions should be evaluated taking into account the person’s own values, preferences and circumstances.

In a nutshell, “suggestion” is an idea or advice offered to an individual or group, usually to help with something or achieve a goal.

What is a “suggestion” in business?

In business, a “suggestion” is an idea or advice offered to improve the performance of a company or business or to solve problems.  Business proposals can be presented in a variety of areas, such as guiding a company’s strategic decisions, improving business processes, increasing efficiency, or improving marketing and sales strategies.

Recommendations are usually prepared taking into account the goals, current situation and problems of the business or company.  These recommendations are often offered by experienced managers, business professionals or consultants.  Businesses can seek job recommendations from insiders or outside experts.

How are recommendations prepared and presented?

Business proposals are often prepared based on analysis, research and data.  Recommendations can offer a solution to a specific problem, suggest a new strategy or business model, drive improvements to business processes, or enhance marketing and customer relationship strategies.

Business proposals are presented to the company’s management team and evaluated by them.  A successful business proposal can influence the decision-making process of managers and increase the success of the company.  However, not every business proposal may be viable or produce the expected results.  Therefore, business proposals should be carefully evaluated in a serious consideration of the risk and benefit.

In a nutshell, a “suggestion” in business is an idea or advice presented with the aim of improving a company’s performance or solving problems.  Business proposals are usually based on analysis, research and data and are prepared taking into account the goals and current state of the business.

People Who Can Offer Suggestions

What does it mean when talking about and describing a person as being “a person who can offer suggestions”?  How can one explain the difference between a person who has suggestions and can offer them, and a person who does not have any suggestions to offer?

Describing a person as “a person who can offer advice” implies that that person has the ability to present their ideas and advice to others.  Thanks to his experience, knowledge or insight, this person is able to come up with valuable ideas on a topic and pass those ideas on to others.

What is insight?

Insight means understanding, understanding, or awareness that occurs suddenly or unexpectedly.  It is the ability to have a deep understanding of a problem, situation or issue.  Insight often emerges when difficulties are encountered or a solution to a complex problem is sought.

Insight, combined with one’s existing knowledge, experiences, and thought processes, leads to the emergence of a new perspective or solution.  This can manifest in different ways, such as discovering previously unrecognized relationships, understanding problems better, or finding creative solutions.

Insight is a type of intuition or insight that cannot be obtained through conscious thinking and logical deductions.  For example, the experience of suddenly finding a solution to a math problem after hours of reflection is an example of insight.  Such insights may arise as a result of complex operations performed by the brain and unconscious consolidation of information.

Insight is a valuable skill in many fields including science, art, leadership and problem solving.  Therefore, developing the ability to achieve insight can contribute to the emergence of new ideas, solutions and discoveries.

A person who can offer advice can often help others through knowledge, experience or expertise.  This person can offer valuable insights in situations such as solving a problem, making a decision, working on a project, or developing a strategy.  At the same time, he can contribute to the thought processes of others with his suggestions and enlighten them with new perspectives.

The difference between a person who can offer suggestions and someone who has no suggestions is in the quality, variety and creativity of ideas.  A person who can offer suggestions usually has the skills to reflect, analyze and produce solutions.  This person may have relevant knowledge, learn from past experiences, or gain new knowledge through research.

Reflection

The meaning of word “reflection” in detail… What does it cover? How can it be managed? How can one manage to do so?

The word “reflection” can have multiple meanings depending on the context, but in a general sense, it refers to the act of thinking deeply and carefully about something. Reflection involves introspection and contemplation, often aimed at gaining insight, understanding, and self-awareness. Here are some aspects to consider when discussing reflection:

Self-reflection: This involves examining one’s own thoughts, emotions, experiences, and actions. It allows individuals to evaluate their beliefs, values, strengths, weaknesses, and motivations. Self-reflection can lead to personal growth, increased self-awareness, and improved decision-making.

Critical reflection: This type of reflection goes beyond introspection and involves analyzing and questioning assumptions, biases, and societal norms. Critical reflection encourages a deeper understanding of complex issues, promotes intellectual growth, and helps challenge existing perspectives.

Professional reflection: This pertains to reflecting on one’s professional practice, such as work-related experiences, achievements, challenges, and skills. Professionals often engage in reflection to enhance their performance, identify areas for improvement, and develop strategies for professional development.

Managing reflection requires creating a conducive environment and adopting effective strategies. Here are some suggestions for managing reflection:

Time and Space: Set aside dedicated time and create a quiet, uninterrupted space for reflection. Minimize distractions and find a comfortable environment that allows you to focus and delve into your thoughts.

Journaling: Write down your thoughts, experiences, and observations in a journal. Regularly reviewing your entries can help identify patterns, track progress, and gain insights over time. Writing also provides a tangible record of your reflections.

Asking Questions: Pose open-ended questions to yourself that encourage deeper thinking. Examples include “What did I learn from this experience?” or “How could I approach this situation differently next time?” Thoughtful questions prompt introspection and exploration of new perspectives.

Seeking Feedback: Engage in conversations with trusted individuals who can provide constructive feedback. Discussing your reflections with others can offer fresh insights, challenge assumptions, and encourage growth.

Practicing Mindfulness: Cultivate mindfulness by being fully present and non-judgmentally aware of your thoughts, feelings, and sensations. Mindfulness meditation and breathing exercises can help calm the mind and create space for reflection.

Learning from Mistakes: Embrace failure and setbacks as learning opportunities. Reflect on what went wrong, what could have been done differently, and the lessons learned. Adapting and growing from mistakes is an essential part of the reflection process.

By incorporating these strategies into your routine, you can manage reflection effectively and reap its benefits. Remember that reflection is a personal process, and it may differ for each individual. Find the methods that work best for you and make reflection a regular practice to foster personal and professional development.

Philosophy and Reflection

What “reflection” is…  Any philosophical thoughts and approaches on this subject…  If yes, the ones who have expressed their thoughts on this issue…

“Thinking” is the human mind’s process of analyzing, understanding, synthesizing and drawing conclusions about matters.  Thinking involves consciously examining, evaluating, and making sense of concepts, ideas, problems, and events.  “Reflection” is the process of understanding and analyzing a subject in more detail and comprehensively, not on the surface.

Philosophical thoughts and approaches have a tradition that emphasizes reflection and the search for meaning.  Many philosophical thinkers have put forward their thoughts and theories by examining, analyzing and evaluating in depth.

For example, Socrates is a philosophical figure who cares about the thought process.  He had a method of inquiry called the “Socratic method”.  In this method, Socrates made an effort to question the other person’s thoughts and gain a deeper understanding by asking questions.

As a student of Socrates, Plato studied his philosophical thoughts in depth and dealt with many philosophical issues in his writings.  In particular, he thought deeply about issues such as reality, knowledge, morality and justice and developed theories on these issues.

Aristotle is also a thinker who continues the tradition of reflection.  His analytical method involves systematically studying and analyzing issues in detail.  Aristotle thought deeply in many fields such as logic, epistemology, ethics, politics and metaphysics and made important contributions in these fields.

In modern philosophy, there are many thinkers who emphasize reflection.  For example, Descartes encouraged reflection with the method of “skepticism” and emphasized the search for information with individual doubt.  Kant deeply analyzed moral values ​​and human access to knowledge and put forward important ideas in the fields of morality and epistemology.

These are just a few examples, and there are many thinkers in the history of philosophy who emphasize reflection.  Each of them sought to gain a more comprehensive understanding by delving into different issues, problems and thoughts.

Meditation in the Renaissance

What is the relationship between meditation and the Renaissance?

There are many relationships between meditation and the Renaissance.  The Renaissance period is a cultural and intellectual movement that took place in Europe from the end of the 14th century to the beginning of the 17th century.  During this period, reflection and academic research gained great importance.  Here are some relationships between meditation and the Renaissance:

Human Centrism: The Renaissance period is a period in which anthropocentrism rose against the God-centred understanding that was dominant in medieval thought.  The desire to discover man’s potential and talents has stimulated reflection.  Man’s ideas, thoughts and research about the world intensified during the Renaissance.

Rebirth: The Renaissance represents a resurgence of interest in the cultures of Ancient Greece and Rome.  During this period, interest in classical texts increased, and the ideas and thoughts of ancient philosophers were discovered more.  Contemplation involves analyzing, interpreting and evaluating these ancient philosophical texts.

Science and Observation: The Renaissance period was a period of great progress in science and observation.  The development of scientific methods has brought experimental research to the fore.  Contemplation included reflecting on scientific discoveries and observations during this period.

Philosophical Innovations: The Renaissance period witnessed significant changes in philosophical thought.  In particular, the work of thinkers such as Descartes on reason and skepticism had a great impact on deep thought.  Philosophical movements such as rationalism and empiricism are among the thoughts that shape deep thought.

Artistic and Literary Creativity: The Renaissance era represents a major revival in art and literature.  Artists and writers have produced works of reflection.  Names such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and William Shakespeare left their mark on the Renaissance period with their profound works.

The Renaissance period increased the importance of academic and intellectual research with an emphasis on deep thought.  Thinking deeply in order to understand one’s thoughts, abilities and the world has become an important value in this period.

Reflection in the Renaissance

What is the relationship between reflection and the Renaissance?

Reflection played a significant role in the Renaissance, both in terms of its intellectual and artistic aspects. The Renaissance, which took place in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries, was a period of cultural rebirth characterized by a renewed interest in the arts, sciences, and humanities. During this time, reflection played a crucial role in shaping the ideas, discoveries, and artistic achievements of the period.

Intellectual Reflection:

The Renaissance was marked by a shift in thinking from the dogmatic and religiously centered mindset of the Middle Ages to a more humanistic and individualistic approach. Scholars and thinkers of the Renaissance encouraged critical thinking, questioning established beliefs, and engaging in intellectual debates. Reflection, in this context, refers to the act of pondering, analyzing, and contemplating ideas and knowledge.

The scholars of the Renaissance, known as humanists, studied and translated classical texts from ancient Greece and Rome, sparking a renewed interest in the ideas of thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero. By reflecting on these texts, Renaissance intellectuals sought to understand and reinterpret ancient knowledge in the context of their own time. This intellectual reflection led to a revitalization of various fields, including philosophy, science, and literature.

Scientific Reflection:

The Renaissance also witnessed significant advancements in scientific knowledge and understanding. Prominent figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Galileo Galilei made groundbreaking discoveries that challenged traditional beliefs and revolutionized scientific thought. Through rigorous observation, experimentation, and reflection, these individuals developed new theories and methods that laid the foundations for modern science.

Artistic Reflection:

In the realm of art, reflection played a vital role in the development of artistic techniques and styles during the Renaissance. Artists sought to depict the world with greater realism and accuracy, moving away from the stylized and symbolic representations of the Middle Ages. They studied nature, anatomy, and perspective, engaging in careful observation and reflection to achieve more lifelike and three-dimensional artworks.

Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti used reflection as a means to study light, shadow, and the human form. They employed techniques such as sfumato (subtle blending of colors) and chiaroscuro (the use of light and dark contrasts) to create depth and realism in their paintings and sculptures. The artistic reflections of the Renaissance led to a profound transformation in the visual arts, leaving a lasting impact on subsequent artistic movements.

In summary, reflection was a fundamental element of the Renaissance, serving as a catalyst for intellectual exploration, scientific discoveries, and artistic innovations. The period’s emphasis on critical thinking, questioning, and contemplation propelled significant advancements across various disciplines, contributing to the remarkable cultural and intellectual achievements of the era.

On the other hand, a person with no suggestions to offer may often have a limited perspective, experience or knowledge.  This person may find it difficult or not at all to offer valuable advice because they do not have sufficient knowledge or insight into the subject.  In this case, this person often remains silent on the subject or relies on the suggestions of others.

In summary, the description of a person as “a person who can offer suggestions” implies that that person has the ability to convey his ideas and advice to others.  This person may have the ability to offer valuable advice, may have deep knowledge, experience or insight.  A person with no suggestions to offer may have limited perspective, experience, or knowledge and will often avoid offering or rely on the suggestions of others.

The Way to Provide Useful Suggestions

What makes a person who lives by himself, does not interfere with anyone, does not get involved in anything, to be someone who can offer “useful suggestions” around him?

Some of the factors that make a person who lives by himself and does not interfere with anyone become someone who can offer useful advice around him can be:

1. Knowledge
2. Insight and empathy
3. Analytical and critical thinking
4. Communication and interaction
5. Inspirations and experience

Extensive knowledge:

Knowledge in general is important to be able to offer useful recommendations.  A person who lives alone can spend his time reading, doing research or learning about different subjects.  By creating a broad knowledge in this way, he can have ideas on various subjects and present these ideas to others.

Insight and empathy ability:

Insight and the ability to empathize are essential to understanding people’s needs and problems.  A quiet person can observe the people around him, try to understand the experiences of others and empathize.  In this way, he can identify people’s problems or needs and offer useful suggestions.

Analytical and critical thinking skills:

Analytical and critical thinking skills are essential for solving problems and approaching them from different perspectives.  A person who lives alone can improve his analytical and critical thinking skills by improving his thought processes.  These skills can be used to analyze problems encountered, evaluate different solution options and offer useful suggestions.

Communication and interaction ability:

Good communication and interaction skills are essential to be able to offer helpful advice.  A solitary person can develop communication skills, interact with others, and express their ideas clearly and intelligibly.  Good communication and interaction skills enable mutual exchange of suggestions and contribute to an interactive learning and development process.

Inspirations and new experiences:

A quiet person can be open to inspiration and new experiences.  This person can continually improve themselves by using resources such as books, articles, documentaries, seminars or workshops.  Experiencing new experiences, experiencing and learning from different perspectives can increase the ability to offer helpful advice.

These factors can make a quiet person be someone who can offer useful advice around them.  However, since each individual’s characteristics and abilities are different, it is possible for each of these skills to be developed at different levels.  In any case, the value and usefulness of suggestions will depend on factors such as empathy, knowledge, analytical thinking and communication skills.

Suggestions and the Renaissance

We can mention a few relations and connections between the proposals and the Renaissance:

Human Centric Thinking:

The Renaissance era encouraged anthropocentric thinking as a reaction against the dogmatic thinking of the Middle Ages.  Renaissance thinkers placed a great emphasis on exploring human potential, seeking knowledge, and developing artistically, scientifically, and intellectually.  The currents of thought during this period exalted human power and capacity and encouraged individuals to focus on free thought and creativity.  In this context, the proposals also adapted to the human-centered thinking of the Renaissance period.  Suggestions came in the form of individuals expressing and sharing their ideas and guiding others.

“Suggestions came in the form of individuals expressing and sharing their ideas and guiding others.”

Scientific and Artistic Development:

The Renaissance period was a period of great progress and discovery in the scientific and artistic field.  People began to delve deeper into the natural world, human anatomy, mathematics, astronomy, and scientific principles in many other fields.  Likewise, a great transformation took place in art.  The discovery of elements such as new techniques, perspective, use of light and shadow and knowledge of anatomy led to the emergence of new forms of expression in art.  In the process, people made suggestions to each other, shared new techniques, inventions or stylistic approaches, and contributed to each other’s progress.

Intellectual Exchange and Communication:

The Renaissance period was also a great turning point in terms of intellectual change and communication.  Artists, thinkers, scientists, and other intellectuals communicated through letters, books, and meetings to share their ideas, discoveries, and suggestions with one another.  This allowed the emergence and dissemination of different currents of thought.  The proposals encouraged intellectual exchange, contributed to the development of ideas and the discovery of new knowledge.

Encouragement of Creativity and Innovation:

The Renaissance era is known as a time when creativity and innovation were encouraged.  People were encouraged to explore and implement new ideas and approaches.  Artists, scientists and thinkers in this period sought new ways beyond traditional boundaries.  In this context, suggestions also played an important role in this period when creativity and innovation were encouraged.  People made suggestions to inspire others, show them new ways, and share their discoveries.

In summary, there are several connections between the Renaissance period and the proposals.  Factors such as human-centered thinking, scientific and artistic development, intellectual exchange and communication, and the promotion of creativity and innovation in this period influenced the emergence and dissemination of proposals.  Renaissance encouraged the desire of individuals to share their ideas and guide each other and paved the way for the dissemination of suggestions.

Examples of Renaissance Developments

The Renaissance period (a period from the late 14th to the early 17th centuries) witnessed many important technological and artistic developments.  Here are some of the technological and artistic developments that emerged during the Renaissance:

Technological developments:

Printing: The invention of the printing press made the distribution of books faster and easier.  This made it easier for information to reach wider masses and to spread ideas.

Astronomy: During the Renaissance, significant advances were made in the field of astronomy.  Scientists such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler challenged existing thinking by presenting evidence to support the heliocentric model of the universe.

Maritime Technology: During the Renaissance, maritime technology made significant advances.  Sea voyages have become safer and more effective thanks to advanced compass and nautical charts.  This led to the beginning of the age of discoveries and the expansion of the world map.

 Artistic Developments:

Perspective: The use of perspective in art was an important development during the Renaissance period.  The artists created a sense of depth and realism in their paintings by using perspective to create a three-dimensional effect.

Anatomical Studies: During the Renaissance, artists began to study the human body in more detail.  Anatomical studies contributed to the development of a natural and realistic representation in figurative art.

Renaissance Painters: Many famous painters emerged during the Renaissance period.  Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Rafael have produced works that have had a profound impact on art history.  For example, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are some of the most famous works of Renaissance art.

The Art of Sculpture: The Renaissance period also saw a great development in the art of sculpture.  Sculptors focused more on anatomy to create realistic and detailed figures.  Michelangelo’s statue of David and La Pieta are considered masterpieces of Renaissance sculpture.

Technology and Suggestion

What can be said about developing suggestions, suggestions and having suggestions in communities like Finland that have achieved great technological success?  What these concepts mean for these communities…

For technologically successful communities like Finland, it is very important to develop suggestions, suggestions and have suggestions.  Here are some key points about these topics:

1. Innovation Culture
2. Equality and Participation
3. Education System
4. Collaboration and Open Communication

Innovation Culture:

Finland promotes an innovative and entrepreneurial culture.  Innovation is seen as a fundamental feature of society and business.  In this context, proposals enable the emergence of new ideas, the development of innovative solutions and the support of technological progress.

Equality and Participation:

Finland has a participatory society structure and encourages people to express their opinions freely.  Every individual has the opportunity and value to share their thoughts.  This supports the ability to develop suggestions and to have suggestions.  The fact that everyone expresses their opinions allows different perspectives to emerge from diversity.

Education system:

Finland’s education system focuses on developing students’ critical thinking, problem solving and creativity skills.  This supports their ability to develop suggestions and have suggestions.  The education system allows students to freely express their ideas, participate in discussions and generate new ideas.

Collaboration and Open Communication:

Cooperation and open communication play an important role in Finland.  People from different disciplines, sectors and institutions are encouraged to come together and exchange ideas.  This makes it easier to combine different perspectives and find common solutions.  Suggestions encourage collaboration and strengthen communication within the community.

Technological Infrastructure:

Finland has a developed technological infrastructure.  This makes it easier for people to access information and resources and allows new ideas to be developed.  Technology supports recommendation development and accelerates the dissemination of recommendations.

For communities with technological achievements like Finland, the meaning of being able to develop suggestions, suggestions and having suggestions is to contribute to the emergence of innovative and advanced technological solutions.  In these communities, recommendations enable the development of new technologies, improving business processes, increasing efficiency and gaining competitive advantage.  In addition, a culture is formed in these communities that promotes people’s participation, equality and open communication, laying the groundwork for suggestion and innovation.

Appearance of Suggestions

There are some pre-meeting preparations and rules to be followed at the time of the meeting in order to come up with useful suggestions in a meeting to be held for the purpose of developing suggestions or in brainstorming sessions…  And the ones who came up with these rules…

Suggestion development meetings or brainstorming sessions must be carefully planned and managed to achieve productive results.  Here are some pre-meeting preparations and some rules to be considered at the time of the meeting in order to come up with useful suggestions:

Pre-Meeting Preparations:

Goal Setting:

The purpose and objectives of the meeting should be clearly defined.  The issues to be focused on and the expected outputs during the proposal development process should be clearly stated.

Preparation of a Good Invitation:

An invitation should be prepared in which the people who will attend the meeting are informed and motivated.  The purpose of the meeting, expected contributions and meeting format should be explained in the invitation.

Preparation Materials:

Providing attendees with the necessary materials (eg project information, problems, related data, etc.) at a specified time before the meeting allows them to be informed and organize their thoughts in advance.

Rules to be Considered at the Time of the Meeting:

Mutual Respect:

An environment should be provided for each participant to express their ideas freely and every idea should be welcomed with respect.  Criticism should be made in a constructive way and should not turn into personal attacks.

Active Participation:

Participants should be encouraged to participate actively.  Everyone should be given the opportunity to speak and an encouraging environment should be created for silent participants to share their thoughts.

Creative thinking:

Creative thinking and a free atmosphere should be allowed to eliminate limiting thoughts.  Any ideas, even those that seem illogical or impractical at first glance, should be recorded and evaluated.

Inspiring Environment:

The meeting area should be properly arranged and the participants should be comfortable.  Visual tools such as colored materials, brainstorming cards, whiteboard or flipchart can be used.

These rules and approaches have been put forward by different thinkers and experts.  The brainstorming technique was developed by advertiser Alex Osborn in the 1940s.  Osborn disseminated ideas about this technique as a meeting method that encourages creative thinking and the emergence of original ideas.  Other thinkers and management theorists also contributed to this field over time and suggested different rules and methods.  For example, Edward de Bono developed the parallel thinking method and mental mapping technique and contributed to the proposal development process.

Brainstorming Technique

Brainstorming is a technique used in creative thinking and problem solving processes.  It helps to find new and innovative solutions by enabling a group of people to generate ideas quickly and freely about a particular issue or problem.  Brainstorming allows individuals to break free of limiting thought patterns, think boldly and come up with creative ideas.

Brainstorming usually includes the following steps:

Identifying the problem:

The topic or problem to be brainstormed should be clearly defined.  This gives clarity to the area to focus on.

Generating ideas:

Group members should come up with as many ideas as possible without any restrictions.  At this stage, any ideas should not be criticized or evaluated.  The aim is to generate as many ideas as possible and encourage creativity.

Evaluate ideas:

The ideas generated in the first step are evaluated by the group members.  At this stage, criticism can be made, ideas can be discussed, and better solutions can be found together.

Combining ideas:

Similar or complementary ideas are grouped or combined.  This enables to find a more comprehensive and holistic solution.

Brainstorming creates an environment where participants can freely express their thoughts.  There are no limits to any ideas or suggestions, and everyone is allowed to contribute.  This encourages creativity and allows ideas to emerge from a variety of perspectives.

The brainstorming technique is a tool used to generate innovative solutions, solve problems more effectively, and strengthen teamwork.  It is widely used in many fields, especially in the business world, in areas such as marketing, product development and strategy formation.

A historical analysis of the emergence and development of the brainstorming technique.

The emergence and development of the brainstorming technique is linked to a process initiated by advertiser Alex Osborn in the 1930s.  When Osborn was director of the advertising agency BBDO, he sought a new approach to improving his creative thought processes.

Osborn wrote a book called “How to Think Up” in 1942, in which he first used the term “brainstorming”.  The book presented techniques that could be used to improve the creative thinking process and generate ideas more effectively in group work.  Osborn defined the brainstorming method as a process that encourages creativity by moving away from critical thinking, and where any idea can be put forward without evaluation.

Osborn’s brainstorming technique began to gain popularity in business and education from the 1940s onwards.  Brainstorming became popular in businesses and organizations in the United States in the 1950s.  Osborn introduced the brainstorming method as a tool for companies to foster innovation, develop new products, and solve problems.

The brainstorming technique has been developed and modified over time by various experts and researchers.  Osborn’s original method came under criticism in later years and was considered to have some limitations.  Therefore, different variations and modifications appeared.

The brainstorming technique is still a widely used and valuable creativity and problem-solving tool today.  In the business world, educational institutions, design studios and many other fields, brainstorming is used to encourage innovation, uncover new ideas and improve teamwork.

Brainstorming Variations

Brainstorming technique is a method used in creative thinking and problem-solving processes.  Brainstorming involves holding a session that allows a group of people to come together and generate ideas freely.  Brainstorming is used to stimulate the emergence of new ideas, find unusual solutions and increase creativity.

Brainstorming can be applied with different variations and modifications.  Here are some common brainstorming variations:

 1.      Classical Brainstorming

 2.      Reverse Brainstorming

 3.      Written Brainstorming

 4.      Intra-Group Brainstorming

 5.      Virtual Brainstorming

 6.      Technology Supported Brainstorming

Classic Brainstorming:

In the classic brainstorming session, participants freely generate ideas about a problem or topic.  Without any criticism, every idea is recorded and evaluated later.

Reverse Brainstorming:

Reverse brainstorming aims to address the negative aspects of a problem or situation.  Participants generate negative ideas by thinking about why the problem or situation is negative.  These negative ideas are then used to develop ideas on how they can be corrected and improved.

Written Brainstorming:

Written brainstorming involves participants presenting their ideas in writing beforehand.  In this method, each participant presents their ideas in writing for a predetermined time.  Ideas are then shared and evaluated.

Brainstorming Within the Group:

In this variation, the group participating in the brainstorming session is split into smaller groups.  Each small group generates individual ideas.  Then the groups come together and share their ideas and evaluate them together.

Virtual Brainstorming:

Virtual brainstorming is a method used in situations where participants are geographically different.  A virtual brainstorming session is organized using internet-based collaboration tools and platforms.

Technology Supported Brainstorming:

In this variation, the brainstorming session is supported using digital tools and technology.  For example, brainstorming applications or digital brainstorming boards can be used.

These are just examples of some brainstorming variations.  Various modifications can be made to brainstorming sessions and adapted to specific situations and needs.  The important thing is to allow participants to freely generate ideas and use their creativity.

Mental Mapping Technique

The mental mapping technique is a method used to visually organize thoughts, ideas, and information.  This technique helps to organize mental processes and visually show connections.  Mental maps have a structure that consists of branches and sub-branches around a central main idea or topic.

The idea of ​​mental mapping was developed by British author and psychologist Tony Buzan in the 1960s.  Buzan suggested that the human brain naturally relies on its ability to relate, visualize, and spatial thinking, and that these abilities can be used more effectively through mental maps.

“Buzan suggested that the human brain naturally relies on its abilities to relate, visualize, and spatial thinking, and that these abilities can be used more effectively through mental maps.”

Buzan argued that mental maps can improve the skills of understanding, remembering and rearranging information better.  Mental maps encourage the left and right hemispheres of the brain to work together, which can increase creativity and problem-solving abilities.

The mental mapping technique later became widely used in the fields of education, business and personal development.  It has helped people be able to take notes, study, plan projects, and organize ideas more effectively.

The development of mental mapping software has also made significant progress.  Computer-based mental mapping tools allow users to create, edit and share mental maps digitally.  These software can add colors, shapes, images and links to maps, making them more visually impressive.

In addition, more complex and comprehensive thinking models can be created by combining mental mapping techniques with other methods.  For example, design thinking encourages the generation of creative ideas using mental maps in the process of solving problems.

In conclusion, the mental mapping technique is an effective method used to visually organize thoughts and information.  Historically developed by Tony Buzan, this method was later widely adopted in the fields of education, business and personal development, and has been further advanced with the development of mental mapping software.

Brain Abilities

“Association”, “Visualization” and “Spatial Thinking” Capabilities

The human brain is a truly impressive organ and has a host of abilities.  Associating, visualizing and spatial thinking abilities are some of them.  Here is more information about these capabilities:

Attribution:

The ability to associate is the ability of the brain to combine and associate information.  People can form meaningful relationships by bringing together different information.  This ability is linked to memory, learning, and general intelligence.  Association is used to link new information with previous information to form a meaningful whole.  For example, as a person learns more about a topic, they can develop a deeper understanding by associating new information with knowledge they already have.

Visualization:

Visualization ability is the ability to use and visualize visual information in the brain.  People can use and mentally visualize visual images in their thought processes.  Visualization ability is associated with imagination, creativity, and problem-solving skills.  For example, when planning a route or thinking about how to make an object, a person can mentally think and plan more effectively using visual images.

Spatial thinking:

Spatial thinking ability is the ability to understand and visualize the position, distance, orientation and relationship of objects.  This ability includes a person’s ability to understand the environment, find directions, and understand relationships between objects.  Spatial thinking plays an important role in many fields such as mathematics, science, engineering and the arts.  For example, a person uses the ability to think spatially when solving a puzzle, reading a map, or putting together pieces of an object.

These abilities affect people’s thinking, learning, problem solving and understanding processes.  Associating, visualizing and spatial thinking abilities play an important role in complex information processing and cognitive tasks.  However, it should not be forgotten that each individual may be strong or weak at different levels in these abilities.

Tony Buzan

Tony Buzan, born on June 2, 1942, in London, England, was an English writer, educator and personality specializing in mind mapping.  Buzan is particularly known for his mind mapping techniques and is considered an international authority in the field.

Buzan studied psychology, English language and humanities at University College London.  During his training, he developed a deep interest in using the full potential of the human brain.  This interest led him to work on learning, improving memory and optimizing thinking skills.

In the early 1970s, Buzan began developing the concept of mind mapping.  Mind mapping is a technique used to organize brainstorming, note-taking, learning, planning, and thinking processes.  This technique involves taking notes in a branching structure around a central concept of a topic.  This method aims to increase the ability to understand, remember and analyze information more easily.

Buzan continued his work to promote and disseminate mind mapping techniques.  In 1974, he published “Use Your Head”, his first mind mapping book.  This book was a huge worldwide success and cemented Buzan’s authority on mind mapping.  He later wrote several books such as “The Mind Map Book” and “The Ultimate Book of Mind Maps” and became a worldwide phenomenon in the field of mind mapping.

Tony Buzan has also worked on brain potential, learning techniques, memory enhancement, creativity and intelligence.  He has given many seminars and conferences around the world and organized training programs in many countries.  He has also worked as an international education consultant.

Buzan’s work has been adopted and used by students, teachers, administrators, business people and many others.  Mind mapping has become a widely used tool to make learning processes more effective and encourage creativity.

Sadly, Tony Buzan passed away on April 13, 2019.  But his legacy continues to inspire and guide people interested in mind mapping and brain potential.

The Mind Map Book

“The Mind Map Book” is a guide on how to use mind maps written by Tony Buzan.  Mind maps are an effective tool for organizing, remembering and making sense of information, thoughts and ideas.

The book explains in detail what mind maps are, how they are created and how they are used.  Mind maps are based on the natural thinking process used by the brain and combine visual and verbal elements to make information easier to understand.  This method can be used in many areas such as learning, note taking, thinking and problem solving.

The book highlights that mind maps can increase creativity, strengthen memory, and help organize information better.  Tony Buzan argues that mind maps are a useful tool for students, teachers, business professionals and everyone.  It is stated that with the use of mind maps, information can be remembered, comprehended and associated more easily.

“The Mind Map Book” explains step-by-step the process of creating mind maps, presents different usage scenarios, and shows you how to use mind maps more effectively.  The book is also supported by sample mind maps and inspiring stories, providing a better understanding of the subject.

In summary, “The Mind Map Book” is a resource for anyone who wants to explore the power and use of mind maps.  It offers detailed information on how to create, use, and benefits of mind maps.  The book provides a practical tool that can be used to learn, remember and understand information more effectively.

The Ultimate Book of Mind Maps

The Ultimate Book of Mind Maps is a book written by an author named Tony Buzan¹².  The book introduces a thinking tool called mind maps and explains how to use it³.  Mind maps are visual and colorful diagrams used for purposes such as generating ideas about a topic or problem, taking notes, making plans, and remembering.  The book shows how mind maps can benefit all aspects of life, such as creativity, memory, time management, career and private life⁵.

Outline:

 – Part 1: What are Mind Maps?

 – Mind maps definition and features

 – History and development of mind maps

 – Advantages and disadvantages of mind maps

 – Part 2: How to Draw Mind Maps

 – Rules and tips for drawing mind maps

 – Key elements of drawing mind maps: main idea, majors, sub-branches, keywords, images, colors

 – Steps and examples of drawing mind maps

 – Chapter 3: How to Use Mind Maps

 – Uses and purposes of mind maps

 – Application examples of mind maps, such as:

 – Generating ideas, problem solving, decision making

 – Taking notes, summarizing, making presentations

 – Planning, organizing, time management

 – Learning, remembering, preparing for exams

 – Personal development, goal setting, motivation

 – Chapter 4: Success Stories with Mind Maps

 – True stories from people who changed the lives of mind maps

 – Examples of how mind maps are used in business

 – Examples of how mind maps are used in education

– In this book, we learned what mind maps are, how to draw and how to use them.  Mind maps are a thinking tool in line with the natural functioning of our mind.  By using mind maps, we can improve our creativity, memory, time management, career and private life.  Mind maps are a tool that makes our lives easier, more efficient and happier.  Therefore, we should make mind maps a part of our lives and use them at every opportunity.  Let’s not forget that we can reveal our unlimited potential with mind maps.

 Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/30/2023

 (1) The Ultimate Book of Mind Maps – amazon.com.  https://www.amazon.com/Ultimate-Book-Mind-Maps/dp/0007212917.

 (2) The Ultimate Book of Mind Maps – eBook |  Barnes & Noble®.  https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-ultimate-book-of-mind-maps-tony-buzan/1008325265.

 (3) The Ultimate Book of Mind Maps – critical summary review.  https://12min.com/the-ultimate-book-of-mind-maps-critical%20summary%20review.

 (4) [Download] The Ultimate Book of Mind Maps PDF |  Genial eBooks.  https://genialebooks.com/ebooks/the-ultimate-book-of-mind-maps/.

 (5) The Ultimate Book of Mind Maps by Tony Buzan – Academia.edu.  https://www.academia.edu/41866894/The_Ultimate_Book_of_Mind_Maps_by_Tony_Buzan.

Alex Osborn

Alex Osborn (1888-1966) was an American advertiser, author and creative thinker.  He is known as the person who developed and popularized the brainstorming technique.

Osborn was born on May 2, 1888 in New York, USA.  He started his career as a successful advertiser in the business world.  In 1919, Barton, an advertising agency, founded Durstine & Osborn (BDO).  Known for innovations and creative campaigns in advertising.

Osborn was not limited to advertising, but also worked on creative thinking and problem solving.  His book “Your Creative Power”, published in 1939, is one of the important works that introduces the creative thought process.  However, his greatest impact is his work, in which he introduced and popularized the brainstorming technique.

Osborn developed the brainstorming technique to encourage the emergence of new and original ideas by removing barriers to creative thinking.  In this technique, a group of people come together and are encouraged to produce all kinds of ideas in a free environment, without criticism.  In this way, limiting thoughts are eliminated and different perspectives are combined.

Osborn deepened his work on the brainstorming technique in books such as “Applied Imagination” (1953) and “Creative Problem-Solving” (1957).  His work has become an important resource in the field of creative thinking and problem solving.

Alex Osborn died on May 5, 1966 in New York.  The brainstorming technique continues Osborn’s legacy and remains an effective method that is still used today.

Your Creative Power, Osborn

Your Creative Power is a book by Alex Osborn.  The book argues that creativity is a skill that can be developed for everyone and that it is necessary to learn some methods.

In the book, the author presents various techniques and suggestions to increase creativity, based on his own experiences and research.

The most important contribution of the book is the brainstorming technique, which is the creative thinking method developed by the author.  The author explains how to apply this technique, when to apply it and in which areas we can apply it.

The book also highlights the personal, professional and social benefits of creative thinking.  The book was written to give readers practical advice on how to increase their creativity and encourage them to think creatively.

Edward de Bono

Edward de Bono (born 19 May 1933) is a Maltese-born British physician, author, psychologist and thought leader.  He is known for his work on creative thinking, mental mapping and parallel thinking.

Edward de Bono was born on May 19, 1933, in Valletta, Malta.  After completing his medical education at the University of Malta, he received a master’s degree in philosophy, psychology and physiology from the University of Oxford.  He later studied medicine at Oxford and began working as a psychiatrist.

Alongside his academic studies, De Bono developed a keen interest in creative thinking and problem solving.  He focused on self-learning and developing learning skills.  He published his book “The Use of Lateral Thinking” in 1967 and introduced the concept of lateral thinking (parallel thinking).  This book is one of de Bono’s first works in which he explains the basic principles of his thinking.

De Bono continued to develop creative thinking and problem-solving methods.  He introduced the mind mapping technique in the 1970s.  Mental mapping is a method of visually organizing and relating thoughts.

Throughout his career, De Bono has provided training, seminars and consultancy services for companies, educational institutions and organizations around the world.  He has written many books and publications on creative thinking and problem solving.

“Six Thinking Hats” (1985),

“Lateral Thinking: Creativity Step by Step” (1990) and

“Serious Creativity” (1992)

His works, such as these, brought his creative thinking methods to wider audiences.

Edward de Bono has won many awards and honors for his contribution to innovative ways of thinking.  As a globally recognized thought leader, he continues to offer a variety of tools and methods to develop mental flexibility, creativity and problem-solving skills.

Parallel Thinking Technique

Parallel thinking is a thinking technique developed by Edward de Bono.  This technique is recommended as an alternative to traditional thinking models and allows for the emergence of new and different ideas.

Parallel thinking associates different thinking styles with specific roles.  These roles represent different thought processes and allow participants to think from different perspectives.  De Bono defines these different thinking roles under the name “Six Thinking Hats”.

Each hat represents a color and symbolizes a particular mode of thinking or approach.  Here are the “Six Thinking Hats” and the thinking styles they represent:

White Hat: Knowledge-oriented thinking.  It considers existing data and facts and offers an objective point of view.

Red Hat: Emotional thinking.  It reflects feelings, intuitions and instincts.  It allows participants to express their emotional reactions and thoughts.

Black Hat: Critical thinking.  Evaluates problems, risks and obstacles.  It offers an analytical approach by considering negative consequences.

Yellow Hat: Positive thinking.  Evaluates advantages, opportunities and positive results.  It provides optimism and positive perspective.

Green Hat: Creative thinking.  It encourages the emergence of new ideas.  It focuses on alternative solutions, innovative approaches and free thinking.

Blue Hat: Managerial thinking.  He leads the meeting, directs the thinking process, controls time and resources.

Parallel thinking technique allows to use different thinking styles in a focused way by limiting each hat role to a certain time.  This approach allows participants to have different perspectives and conduct a more comprehensive thought process.  Thus, they can produce more comprehensive and versatile solutions.

Traditional Thinking Techniques.

“Parallel thinking is a thinking technique developed by Edward de Bono.  This technique is recommended as an alternative to traditional thinking models and allows new and different ideas to emerge.”

Here are traditional thinking techniques…

Traditional thinking techniques refer to a set of methods commonly used in problem solving and decision making.  Here are some traditional thinking techniques:

 1.      Analytical Thinking

 2.      Thinking Logical

 3.      Deductive Thinking

 4.      Inductive Thinking

 5.       Critical Thinking

Analytical Thinking:

Analytical thinking is the process of finding a solution by breaking a problem or situation into parts and examining each part separately.  This approach breaks the problem down into smaller and manageable parts and improves the ability to understand and solve the problem by analyzing each part in detail.

Logical Thinking:

Logical thinking is the process of finding a solution by analyzing a problem or situation through logic.  This technique aims to reach conclusions using sound reasoning and a valid logic structure.  Logical thinking is based on predefined principles and rules and aims to produce results in a consistent way.

Deductive Thinking:

Deductive thinking is a way of thinking that allows reaching specific conclusions based on a general principle or rule.  This technique involves logical reasoning to arrive at a particular situation or conclusion based on a generally true proposition.  Deductive thinking starts with a theory or a general principle and uses the details on that principle to reach concrete results.

Inductive Thinking:

Inductive thinking is a thinking method that aims to discover a general rule or principle based on specific situations and observations.  This technique involves making generalizations by examining examples, identifying common features or patterns.  Inductive thinking is the process of reaching new information based on observations and experiences.

Critical Thinking:

Critical thinking involves logically analyzing and evaluating thoughts, ideas and arguments.  This technique develops the ability to critically approach information, assessing accuracy, validity, consistency, and connections between results.  Critical thinking also includes the ability to recognize and address biases and prejudices.

These traditional thinking techniques can be used in a variety of contexts and are used to support mental processes such as problem solving, decision making, analysis and critical thinking.  Edward de Bono’s parallel thinking techniques offer a different perspective from these traditional approaches and aim to encourage more creative and innovative thinking.

Skepticism

Skepticism is a philosophical movement that basically expresses a lack of absolute truth claims about any knowledge or belief or a persistent skepticism towards these claims.  Skepticism argues that right and wrong cannot be known with certainty and argues that any knowledge or belief should be questioned.

“Skepticism argues that right and wrong cannot be known with certainty and argues that any knowledge or belief should be questioned.”

Skepticism is a movement that started in ancient Greek philosophy and emerged in various forms in the history of philosophy.  The ancient Greek philosopher Pyrrho is considered the pioneer of skepticism.  According to Pyrrho, people cannot know reality objectively and therefore should be skeptical of any claim.  Skeptics think that a firm attachment to any belief or knowledge creates mental discomfort and restlessness.

Different forms of skepticism have emerged in different fields.  While epistemological skepticism deals with the question of whether knowledge is possible, ontological skepticism questions the nature of being.  Moreover, moral skepticism claims that ethical values ​​cannot be based on an objective basis.

Skepticism can be troubling for some because it’s a fact that people have to rely on a lot of information in everyday life.  However, skepticism can encourage constant questioning of thoughts and beliefs, encouraging people to think critically and to question assumptions.

The followers of septic thought, in chronological order…

The followers of skepticism have historically been represented by various philosophers.  Here are some important philosophers among the followers of skepticism and their chronological order:

Pyrrho (360-270 BC): One of the pioneers of skepticism, Pyrrho is an Ancient Greek philosopher.  He defended the principle of skepticism regarding the certainty of knowledge and adopted a skeptical lifestyle.

Sextus Empiricus (2nd century A.D.): The Greek septic philosopher Sextus Empiricus developed the basic principles and arguments of skepticism in his work called Pyrrhonism.  He displayed a skeptical approach to empirical knowledge.

Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592): The famous French philosopher of the Renaissance period, Montaigne, effectively expressed the ideas of skepticism.  In his Essais, he emphasized the limitedness and variability of human knowledge.

Essais, Michel de Montaigne

“Essais” is a collection of essays written by Michel de Montaigne, a 16th-century French philosopher and writer. The word “essais” is derived from the French word “essayer,” which means “to try” or “to attempt.” The essays are Montaigne’s reflections on various topics, including philosophy, literature, education, friendship, and human nature.

Montaigne began writing the essays in 1572 and continued adding to them until his death in 1592. The work consists of three books, each containing a series of essays. The essays are written in a conversational and introspective style, reflecting Montaigne’s personal thoughts and experiences.

One of the main themes explored in the “Essais” is the nature of human beings. Montaigne often questions conventional wisdom and challenges the prevailing beliefs of his time. He embraces skepticism and portrays himself as a skeptical thinker, examining various perspectives and presenting different arguments without necessarily advocating for a single definitive conclusion.

Montaigne’s essays are known for their unique form and structure. He frequently digresses from the main topic, providing anecdotes, historical references, and personal anecdotes. This approach allows him to explore a wide range of ideas and create a more comprehensive and thought-provoking work.

The “Essais” had a significant influence on the development of the essay genre. Montaigne’s innovative style and his emphasis on self-reflection and introspection set a new standard for essay writing. His work became a model for future essayists, including Francis Bacon and René Descartes.

Today, Montaigne’s “Essais” is considered a classic of French literature and a seminal work in the field of philosophy. It continues to be widely studied and appreciated for its insightful observations, intellectual curiosity, and humanistic approach to understanding the complexities of human existence.

David Hume (1711-1776): Scottish philosopher David Hume is considered a bridge between empiricism and skepticism.  It focuses on the limitations of knowledge based on experience and observation.  He especially advocated skepticism in the subjects of cause-effect relationship and causality.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche adopted skepticism as part of his philosophical system.  He rejected the claim of objectivity of knowledge and emphasized perspectivism.

This list includes only some of the leading philosophers among the followers of skepticism.  Other philosophers at different times and in different cultures may have contributed to the idea of ​​skepticism.

Descartes & Skepticism

 Descartes’ Skepticism

Descartes’ positive-negative and counter-ideas about Skepticism…

René Descartes is one of the 17th century philosophers and one of the leading figures of modern philosophy.  Descartes developed a system of thought that focuses on reaching correct information from skepticism epistemologically.  Below, I will try to explain Descartes’ positive, negative and counter-arguments about skepticism:

Positive Thoughts:

Directional Skepticism:

Descartes aimed to reach the right information by using the method of skepticism.  Doubt is based on the idea of ​​questioning existing beliefs and doubting those that have a clear and firm foundation.  In this way, it tries to reach accurate and precise information while eliminating false or misleading beliefs.

Basic Facts:

Descartes defended the idea of ​​relying on basic facts to reach correct information.  With a skeptical attitude, he puts all beliefs into doubt and tries to arrive at the basic truths that he is convinced are so certain as to leave no room for doubt.

Negative Thoughts:

Avoidance of Infinite Skepticism: Although Descartes used a skeptical method, he considered the danger of falling into eternal skepticism.  Endless skepticism asserts that there is no assurance that any belief or information is definitively true.  Descartes opposed this and tried to reach some definite truths.

Existence of the outside world:

Descartes, starting from skepticism, also displayed a skeptical attitude about the existence of the external world.  He tried to prove his own existence with the phrase “I think, therefore I am” (Cogito, ergo sum).  However, he displayed a more skeptical attitude towards reaching a definite opinion about the reality of the external world.

Counter-Thoughts:

Experiencing the outside world:

Some critics have argued that Descartes’ skepticism about the reality of the external world, based on skepticism, ignores the process of experiencing the external world and our feelings.  Our interaction with the outside world takes place through our sensory experiences, and these experiences are thought to be somehow true or false.

Obtaining Correct Information:

Descartes’ attempt to reach correct information with the method of skepticism has been criticized.  Skepticism can in some cases lead to significant knowledge gaps and limitations.  Some of the basic facts that Descartes reached after the doubt period were also criticized and it was said that convincing arguments about the accuracy of these facts were lacking.

As a result, Descartes’ thoughts on skepticism include using the method of skepticism to reach the right information.  However, the limitations of the skepticism process and the difficulties in providing complete certainty about the reality of the outside world must also be taken into account.

Techniques for Thinking

There are various techniques that enable a person to think, and depending on individual preferences, people use these techniques while thinking.  Here are some techniques used to improve thinking skills:

 1.      Mental focus

 2.      Mental mapping

 3.      Analytical thinking

 4.     Creative thinking

 5.     Critical thinking

 6.     In-depth research

 7.     Empathy

 8.     Self-reflection

Mental focus:

Concentrating the mind on a single issue or problem enables reflection and develops analytical skills.

Mental Mapping:

The mental mapping technique can be used to visually organize thoughts.  This technique provides a clearer understanding of ideas by organizing key ideas and related concepts on a map.

Analytical Thinking:

It is a thinking method that develops the ability to break down problems, analyze relationships, and reason.  Analytical thinking focuses on generating solutions by evaluating data and reasoning.

Creative thinking:

Creative thinking is an approach that encourages the generation of new and original ideas.  This technique allows to find alternative solutions and perspectives by breaking the traditional thinking patterns.

Critical thinking:

Critical thinking develops the ability to critically evaluate information.  It is used to query information, analyze arguments, detect logical errors and arrive at correct conclusions.

In-depth research:

Doing in-depth research on a topic increases knowledge and enables more comprehensive thoughts to emerge.  Reading resources, consulting experts, and examining different perspectives are important in this process.

Empathy:

Empathy is the ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others.  Empathy is important for understanding the perspective of others and being able to think from different perspectives.

Self-reflection:

It is the process of evaluating one’s own thoughts and actions.  Recognizing your own biases and thinking patterns is important for a more objective and holistic thought process.

These techniques can be used to improve thinking skills and make more effective decisions.  Each one encourages thinking in different ways and is complementary to each other.  In line with personal preferences and needs, suitable ones can be selected from these techniques.

Solution

1. The Concept of “Solution” in Business
2. Solution Process Steps
3. The Concept of “Target” in the Business World
4. SMART Criteria
5. Suggestion and Solution Relationship.

The Concept of “Solution” in Business

The concept of “solution” generally refers to an approach or strategy offered to the business world to address a problem or need.  The problems and challenges faced in the business world may differ in each sector, but it is important to solve these problems or meet the needs for businesses to be successful.

In business, the term “solution” can refer to any approach used to address a problem, achieve a goal, or meet a need.  This can be in different areas such as developing products or services, improving processes, implementing marketing strategies or managing customer relationships.

For a business, being solution-oriented can mean understanding customer needs and offering products or services that meet them.  In addition, the development of various strategies to increase the efficiency of processes within the enterprise, reduce costs or gain competitive advantage can be a solution.

To summarize, the concept of “solution” in the business world refers to the approaches and strategies used by businesses to solve problems, meet needs or achieve goals.  This can be achieved in different areas such as customer focus, increasing efficiency, and providing competitive advantage.

Solution Process Steps

The following steps are usually followed to arrive at a solution:

 1.      Identifying the Problem

 2.     Information Collection

 3.      Goal Setting

 4.      Developing Solution Strategy

 5.      Evaluating Alternative Solutions

 6.      Implementing The Solution

 7.      Evaluate The Solution

 8.      Adjust and Improve If Necessary

Identifying the Problem:

The first step is to clearly define the problem encountered.  Understanding what the problem is and why it matters is fundamental to the resolution process.

Data collection:

It is important to gather the information necessary to solve the problem.  This includes activities such as examining available data, researching sources, seeking advice from experts or reviewing relevant literature.

Goal Setting:

It is important to determine the results that are aimed to be achieved in the solution process.  Goals should be clear, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound (in line with SMART criteria).

Solution Strategy Development:

It is necessary to develop a strategy to solve the problem.  This strategy should include the steps and methods that will be used to achieve the set goals.

Evaluating Alternative Solutions:

It is important to evaluate and compare different solution options.  It is necessary to choose the most suitable solution, taking into account the advantages, disadvantages and applicability of each option.

Implementing the Solution:

It is necessary to take the necessary steps to implement the chosen solution.  This means planning, managing resources, taking action, and implementing the solution.

Evaluate the Solution:

It is important to evaluate the effect of the applied solution.  It is important to receive feedback to determine the extent to which the objectives have been achieved, whether the solution has delivered the expected results, and to identify points for improvement.

Adjust and improve as needed:

If the solution does not exactly provide the desired results, it is necessary to make the necessary adjustments to make improvements.  At this stage, it is important to revise the solution or try alternative solutions, taking into account the feedback.

These steps provide an overall roadmap in the resolution process.  However, because every problem and situation is different, the resolution process may also change and some steps may be skipped or applied in different order.  Flexibility, creativity and continuous learning are important factors that ensure the success of the solution process.

The Concept of “Target” in the Business World

How the concept of “target” can be defined in terms of the business world and its requirements…

What are the goal setting criteria?

In business, “goal” refers to a goal or a guiding goal that defines the results or achievements that the organization or individual wants to achieve.  Goals aim to achieve specific results set to support the organization’s strategic plans and achieve the set vision.  It can also take the form of personal and career goals for individuals.

Goal setting criteria include elements that must be considered for goals to be effective and successful.  In the business world, SMART criteria are taken into account to set goals.

SMART Criteria

SMART criteria is a method used to set goals and measure performance.  These criteria provide guidance on how to set goals, measure them, and evaluate their achievement.  SMART is an acronym that represents the initials of English words:

Specific:

Goals need to be defined specifically and clearly.  Goals should be clear and measurable so that it is easy to understand what success is and when it was achieved.

Measurable:

It is important that goals are measurable.  Targets should be expressed with concrete data such as amount, rate and duration.  In this way, progress can be tracked and performance measurable.

Achievable:

Goals need to be achievable.  Realistic and achievable goals should be set and resources, capabilities and time constraints should be considered.  In this way, motivation and performance can be increased.

Relevant (Related):

Objectives should be relevant and relevant.  The goals set should align with the strategic goals of the organization or individual and help create real value.

Time-bound:

Goals need to be set with time constraints.  The start and end dates of the targets should be determined and it should be aimed to be completed within a certain period of time.  This makes it easier to keep track of goals and helps with time management.

SMART criteria are an effective tool used to reduce uncertainty in the goal setting process and to make success measurable and manageable.  Using these criteria, you can set more effective goals and monitor your performance.

Suggestion and Solution Relationship.

How the relationship between a solution and its process and the “suggestion” issue can be described…

The concepts of “a solution” and “suggestion” are closely related to each other in the problem-solving process.  We can use the following descriptions to describe their relationship:

Solution: A solution is a plan, method, or strategy developed to overcome a problem or challenge or achieve a goal.  A solution usually represents an appropriate approach to a particular problem.  This solution is designed to achieve expected results when applied.

Suggestion: A suggestion refers to an idea, advice, or plan presented to solve a problem, improve a situation, or achieve a goal.  Recommendations are made to identify alternative approaches to solving problems or achieving specific goals.

The relationship can be described as:

The concept of “suggestion” refers to an idea or plan presented to solve a problem or achieve a goal, while the concept of “a solution” refers to a practical method developed to achieve that problem or goal.  That is, a proposal represents the beginning of the search for a solution, while a solution is a concrete implementation of the proposal.  Suggestions can contribute to or be part of a solution.  A proposal may be involved in the process of defining the problem, analyzing it, identifying alternative solutions, and finally implementing a solution.

To summarize, the concept of “suggestion” emerges as part of the resolution process and is closely related to the resolution process.  Suggestions guide the search for a solution, while the solution represents the concrete implementation of the suggestions.

The main thing is to put forward a proposal or try to find a solution?

Putting forward a proposal and trying to find a solution are two phases that complement each other.  Let’s explain the relationship between the two concepts in more detail:

Proposing a suggestion is the expression of ideas or plans presented to solve a problem, improve a situation, or achieve a goal.  In this stage, the process of defining the problem, analyzing it, gathering information and thinking about alternative solutions takes place.  The recommendations present approaches from various perspectives to solve the problem or achieve the goal.  The proposal shows possible ways of a solution and has a guiding role in the search for a solution.

Trying to Find a Solution: Trying to find a solution aims to develop a concrete solution based on the suggestions.  At this stage, suggestions may need to be analysed, evaluated and their applicability studied.  The process of finding a solution includes the implementation of the proposals in a way that can be applied in a practical way and provide the expected results.  At this stage, the feasibility of a solution is studied, taking into account resources, timelines, and other factors.

In this context, putting forward a proposal and trying to find a solution are stages that complement each other.  Suggestions arise at the beginning of the resolution process and provide the presentation of various ideas and plans.  These suggestions are then analyzed during the solution-finding phase and contribute to the development of a concrete solution.  Therefore, in order to find a solution, it is necessary to put forward a proposal first.

Which one of the followings is true:

 1. Finding a solution means developing suggestions to eliminate an existing problem.

 2. Suggestions are the key to a solution.

Both statements can be true because the resolution process is complex and multifaceted.  Let’s consider the two expressions separately:

Finding a solution means developing suggestions to eliminate an existing problem: This statement emphasizes the main purpose of the solution process.  Developing recommendations that will completely solve or improve the problem is an important part of finding an effective solution.  Recommendations are used to understand the nature and causes of the problem, evaluate alternative solutions, and identify appropriate strategies.  These recommendations act as the cornerstones of the solution and lead to the development of a viable, viable solution.

Suggestions are the key to a solution: This statement highlights the importance of suggestions in the solution process.  Suggestions are a guide and a source of inspiration in the search for solutions.  They contribute to the solution process by offering different perspectives, ideas and alternative solutions.  Suggestions spark new ideas and encourage creative thinking.  From this point of view, suggestions can be seen as the key to the solution because it is important to create and evaluate the proposals to move forward in the solution process.

As a result, both statements may be correct, but which statement is more accurate in the context of the resolution process will depend on the complexity of the problem, the importance of the suggestions and the work done during the implementation phase.  Suggestions and the resolution process are complementary elements and both play an important role in finding an effective solution.

Do solutions lead to suggestions or do suggestions lead to solutions?

Suggestions create solutions.  Suggestions emerge as part of the solution process and contribute to the development of solutions.  Let’s explain the relationship in more detail:

Suggestions: Suggestions are ideas, recommendations, or plans offered to solve a problem, improve a situation, or achieve a goal.  Suggestions emerge in the process of analyzing the problem, gathering information, evaluating alternative solutions and determining a practical approach.  Suggestions are formed by presenting ideas from various perspectives and show possible ways of solution.

Solutions: Solutions are practical methods, strategies, or plans developed to overcome a problem or challenge or achieve a goal.  Solutions emerge through the implementation and tangible implementation of recommendations.  A solution represents a way or approach that can solve a particular problem or achieve a goal.

The relationship between recommendations and solutions can be described as follows: Recommendations offer alternative approaches to solving problems or achieving goals.  These proposals are then evaluated, analyzed and their applicability studied.  In this process, it is seen that some suggestions have a high potential to be a solution and these suggestions turn into the development of a concrete solution.

That is, suggestions create solutions.  Suggestions appear at the beginning of the resolution process and show possible ways to resolve.  After the evaluation and analysis process, some recommendations become representative of an appropriate and effective solution.  Therefore, suggestions lead to the development of solutions and have an important role in the solution process.

Approach

 1.      Philosophical Foundations of Approach Development.

 a.  Plato and Idealism

 b.  Aristotle and Empiricism

 c.  Descartes and Rationalism

 D.  Kant and Critical Philosophy

 I.  A priori &  A posteriori Knowledge

 ii.  Kant’s Distinction between Phenomenon and Noumen

 iii.  Phenomena and Noumens: Examples

 2.      “Getting Information” & “Developing an Approach”

Philosophical Foundations of Approach Development.

The term “approach development” is a concept used in different disciplines and fields.  For this reason, it is necessary to focus on a specific area in order to fully address the historical development of its philosophical foundations.  In general, however, there are some important currents of thought and philosophical views on the philosophical foundations of “approach development” throughout the history of philosophy.  Here are some examples:

Plato and Idealism:

Plato argued that reality exists in a world of ideas and that these ideas are represented by concepts in the human mind.  According to Plato, people need to understand and comprehend these ideas in order to reach the right knowledge.  This approach emphasizes the need to understand and explore ideas when approaching a subject.

Aristotle and Empiricism:

Aristotle emphasized the importance of acquiring knowledge through experience and observation.  According to him, in order to understand reality, it is necessary to observe the properties and relations of objects directly.  This approach emphasizes the importance of approaching events and phenomena through direct observation and experience.

Descartes and Rationalism:

Descartes argued that man should understand reality through reason.  Rationalism asserts that the human mind can discover truth through pure thought and logic.  Descartes put forward the idea of ​​”I think, therefore I am” and argued that reality should be understood through reason.

Kant and Critical Philosophy:

Immanuel Kant tried to establish a synthesis between experience and reason.  According to him, in order to understand reality, it is necessary both to have knowledge based on experience and to create conceptual frameworks through a priori reasoning.  Kant made a distinction between “phenomena” (appearances) and “noumens” (the essence of things) and examined the limits of approaching reality.

These examples show that different philosophical foundations have emerged in the historical development of philosophy on “approach development”.  Philosophy has discussed and criticized these foundations and developed new approaches over time.  The fact that each thinker adopts a different approach reveals the diversity and richness of philosophy.  Therefore, it can be quite complex and require extensive study to consider a complete history of the philosophical underpinnings of “approach development”.

A priori & A posteriori Knowledge

“A priori” is a term of Latin origin and is a philosophical expression.  It is generally used in the field of epistemology (information theory) and is used to describe the source of knowledge or the methods of acquiring knowledge.

The term “a priori” refers to knowledge obtained before or independently based on experience or sensory experience.  Such knowledge can be obtained directly through reason or through logical considerations. Therefore, “a priori” knowledge refers to knowledge that is known in a way that exists before it is based on experience, is considered universal and necessary.

For example, the statement “The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees” is an “a priori” information.  This knowledge can be obtained directly through reason, using logical considerations regarding the property of the triangle and the rules of geometry.

On the other hand, there is the term “a posteriori”, which refers to knowledge based on experience or obtained as a result of sensory experiences.

Kant’s Distinction between Phenomenon and Noumen.

“Kant made a distinction between ‘phenomena’ (appearances) and ‘noumens’ (the essence of things) and examined the limits of approaching reality.”

 About the concepts of phenomena and noumens here…

Immanuel Kant is one of the important philosophers of the German Enlightenment period.  He tried to explain the nature of reality and the limits of human knowledge by using the terms “phenomenon” and “noumen”.

Phenomena are things that we perceive and experience through our senses.  According to Kant, the world we experience is the world of phenomena and they appear in our consciousness.  Sensory properties such as colors, sounds, textures, shapes of objects are considered phenomena.  These phenomena are related to the perceptions and experiences of the human mind.

Noumens, on the other hand, are thought of as reality beyond phenomena.  According to Kant, noumens are the world in which there are objects that are not subject to the experience of the mind.  Noumens are things that are beyond human perception and we cannot have any definite knowledge about them.  Noumens is a concept related to efforts to speculate about reality and takes on meaning within the confines of the human mind.

While examining how the world of phenomena is perceived and interpreted, Kant also refers to the concepts of categorical and analytic a priori to explain how phenomena are affected by mental processes.  Accordingly, our experiences are shaped by human mental structures and pre-existing concepts that are indispensable to the knowledge of phenomena.

In short, Kant makes a distinction between phenomena and noumens, emphasizing how reality is dependent on human experience and the limits of knowledge.  While phenomena refer to things experienced in the world we perceive, noumens represent reality beyond our consciousness and we cannot have a definite knowledge about them.

 Phenomena and Noumens: Examples.

Immanuel Kant makes a distinction between phenomena and noumens in his philosophy.  Phenomena are understood as objects of our experiences and perceptions, while noumens are conceived as reality beyond sensory experience.  Because noumens are beyond our understanding, we cannot know them directly.  Here are some examples for phenomena and noumens:

 Phenomena:

Our sensory experiences such as feeling the texture of a table, seeing its color and hearing its sound enable us to perceive the table as a phenomenon.

Experiences such as eating, tasting and smelling an apple allow us to perceive apples as phenomena.

Our observations, such as watching the sun rise and set, allow us to perceive the sun as a phenomenon.

 Noumens:

The objects themselves, the essence of the table, apple or sun, are noumenal realities that remain beyond phenomena.  However, we cannot directly know these objects themselves and can only know about them based on their phenomena.

A table itself exists independently of phenomena such as the table’s appearance and texture.

An apple itself exists independently of phenomena such as the taste and smell of apples.

The sun itself exists independently of observations as phenomena such as its rising and setting.

In short, phenomena are objects that we perceive based on our experiences, but noumens are realities beyond experience and we cannot know directly.

“Getting Knowledge” & “Developing an Approach”

There is a close relationship between “gaining knowledge” and “developing an approach”.  To understand the relationship between the two concepts, it is important to first define each separately.

“Knowledge acquisition” is the process of accessing knowledge through data, facts or experiences in order to gain knowledge or understanding.  This process can be carried out using various methods and resources such as observation, research, experimentation, thinking and reading.  Gaining knowledge can lead to results such as the discovery of new information, the validation of existing knowledge, or the modification of existing knowledge.

On the other hand, “developing an approach” refers to the process of developing a perspective or methodology for a topic, problem or situation.  An approach is a strategy or set of methods used to understand, solve a problem, or achieve a goal.  Approaches may be specific to a particular subject or discipline, and different disciplines may have different approaches.

In this context, the relationship between “gaining knowledge” and “developing an approach” can be summarized as follows:

Gaining knowledge is the basis for developing an approach: The process of acquiring knowledge provides the essential data and understanding necessary to approach a new issue or solve a problem.  Knowledge acquisition creates the knowledge base needed to build an approach.

Approach development drives the knowledge acquisition process: The process of developing an approach to a topic or problem emphasizes the need to arrive at the right information and determine how you will use that information.  While acquiring knowledge forms the basis of an approach, the approach development process guides the process of acquiring knowledge.

The two are processes that feed off each other: The process of acquiring knowledge, together with the discovery of new knowledge or the review of existing knowledge, can trigger the process of developing an approach.  Likewise, the process of developing an approach may reveal the need to learn more based on the success or failure of a particular approach.

Consequently, there is a reciprocal relationship between acquiring knowledge and developing an approach.  While acquiring knowledge forms the basis of an approach, the process of developing an approach guide and improves the knowledge acquisition process.  These two concepts work together to achieve better understanding, solutions and results.

Projecting

 1.  Historical Development of Project Planning

 2.  PMBOK Directory

 a.  Where to get version 7 of the PMBOK manual

 b.  Version 7 of the PMBOK manual – OUTLINE

 c.  Fee for the PMBOK manual

 D.  Differences between version 6 and version 7 of the PMBOK manual

 3.  Who uses the PMBOK guideline for what

 4.  PMBOK 5 Process Groups

 5.  PMBOK 10 Knowledge Areas

 6.  Project Management Institute – PMI

 7.  Agile and Scrum

Projecting History Development

Projecting is a process in which planning, organization, allocation of resources and coordination are done to achieve a specific goal.  Projects are usually carried out in a limited time frame and aim to achieve a specific result.

The philosophical foundations of the concept of projecting are formed by the combination of different disciplines and methods.  Business management has been influenced by fields such as engineering, mathematics, economics, sociology and psychology.  It can be associated with concepts such as project design, strategic management, organizational behavior, and risk management from the discipline of business management.  Projecting from the engineering discipline includes elements such as technical solutions, process management and resource planning.  These philosophical foundations constitute the theoretical framework of the projecting process.

Projecting is historically as old as human history.  People have worked on different projects throughout history and have developed various planning and organizational methods to realize these projects.  However, the concept of modern project design has a history dating back to the beginning of the 20th century.

The project management discipline emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s with the need to manage large-scale military and civilian projects.  During this period, major projects such as defense industry projects, space race and infrastructure projects were carried out in the United States.  A more systematic and organized approach was required in order to be successful in these projects.

The project management discipline has evolved over time and has become more widely adopted since the 1980s.  As the complexity of projects increased, so did the use of project management professionals and methods.  Today, project management has become a widely used management approach in many industries and disciplines.

Various standards, methodologies and certifications have been developed in the field of project management.  For example, the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) guide published by the Project Management Institute (PMI) is a resource that describes project management processes and methods.  In addition, flexible project management approaches such as Agile and Scrum are also widely used.

As a result, the philosophical foundations of the concept of projecting have been formed by the combination of different disciplines and methods.  Historically, the modern project management discipline emerged in the early 20th century with the need to manage large-scale projects and has evolved over time.  Today, project management is a management approach that is widely used in many industries and disciplines.

PMBOK Guide

Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a recognized guide to project management.  PMBOK is a resource published by the Project Management Institute (PMI) that defines project management best practices and standards.

PMBOK defines project management processes, knowledge areas, tools and techniques.  The guide divides project management into five process groups and ten knowledge areas.  While process groups represent different stages of project management, knowledge areas cover the knowledge and skills required by project management processes.

PMBOK offers the knowledge and skills that cover the stages from the beginning to the end of the project management process.  These processes are called project initiation, planning, implementation, monitoring and control, and closing.  Each of these processes covers different aspects of project management activities and includes the steps necessary to successfully manage a project.

The PMBOK guide provides project managers and the project team with best practices and methods they can apply in the project management process.  The guide helps to effectively plan the project management process, manage resources, assess risks, organize communication, and complete the project successfully.

PMBOK is based on international standards and is a universal guide for the effective and successful management of projects.  This guide is considered an essential resource for project management professionals and relevant stakeholders and is used in project management across many industries and sectors.

Where to get version 7 of the PMBOK manual

Version 7 of the PMBOK guideline was published in 2021.  You can purchase this version electronically or in print from the PMI (Project Management Institute) website³.  Version 7 of the PMBOK manual is available electronically in English, Arabic, French, German, Italian, Korean, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian and Spanish in all formats and in Simplified Chinese³.  Also in December the printed version will be available in Simplified Chinese³.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/30/2023

 (1) PMBOK Guide |  Project Management Institute.  https://www.pmi.org/pmbok-guide-standards/foundational/pmbok.

 (2) PMBOK® 7 – PMI Turkey.  https://www.pmi.org.tr/gallery/proje-yonetimi-bilgi-birikimi-kilavuzu-pmbok-kilavuzu-7/.

 (3) PMBok Version 7 Coming!  – Eren ÖZDEMİR, PMP, ITIL, MIS, MBA.  https://erenozdemir.net/pmbok-7-versionu-geliyor/.

Version 7 of the PMBOK manual – OUTLINE

The contents of version 7 of the PMBOK manual are as follows:

Introduction: Provides general information about the purpose, scope, structure, use and development of the project management knowledge guide¹.

Project Delivery Principles: Defines and explains the 12 project delivery principles that form the basis of project management¹.  These principles are: Value orientation, Systems thinking, Leadership, Vision and mission, Cultural awareness and impact, Continuous learning and development, Flexibility and adaptability, Quality and reliability, Benefit optimization, Coping with complexity, Risk management and seizing opportunity, Relevance and compliance².

Project Performance Areas: Defines and explains 8 project performance areas that determine the application areas of project management¹.  These performance areas are: Team performance, Project lifecycle management, Compliance management, Knowledge management, Delivery management, Measurement management, Uncertainty management, Value management².

Models, Methods, and Artifacts: Defines and explains the various models, methods, and artifacts used in project management¹.  This chapter covers the following topics: Definition and properties of Models, Definition and properties of Methods, Definition and properties of Artifacts, Guidance for the selection and adaptation of models, Guidance for the selection and adaptation of Methods, Guidance for the selection and adaptation of Artifacts².

Agile Practice Guide: Provides guidance for understanding and applying agile approaches to project management¹.  The following topics are covered in this section: The fundamentals and benefits of Agile approaches, the relationship of Agile approaches to project delivery principles, the relationship of Agile approaches to project performance areas, the relationship of Agile approaches to models, methods and artifacts².

Appendices: Provides a table showing the relationships between the glossary with definitions of terms used in project management and the standards used in project management¹.

 Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/30/2023

 (1) Project Management Knowledge Guide (PMBOK … – OPTIMIST BOOK. https://bing.com/search?q=PMBOK+k%c4%b1+7.+version of the guide+i%c3%a7eri%c4%) 9fi.

 (2) What is PMBOK?  What does it stand for?  PMBOK 7 Review ~ Project Management |  Foreign …. https://www.projepm.com/2020/05/pmi-nedir-pmbok-nedir-neye-hizmet-eder.html.

 (3) PMBOK® 7 – PMI Turkey.  https://www.pmi.org.tr/gallery/proje-yonetimi-bilgi-birikimi-kilavuzu-pmbok-kilavuzu-7/.

 (4) Project Management Knowledge Accumulation Guide (PMBOK … – OPTİMIST KİTAP. https://www.optimistkitap.com/kitap/proje-yonetimi-bilgi-birikim-kilavuzu-pmbok-kilavuzu-yedinci-surum/.

Fee for the PMBOK manual

Whether the PMBOK manual is paid or not depends on which version of the manual and in what format you want it.  Version 6 and version 7 of the PMBOK manual can be purchased in print or electronically¹².  Version 6 and version 7 of the PMBOK manual are sold together for 400 TL (including VAT)¹.  Version 7 of the PMBOK manual is available electronically in English, Arabic, French, German, Italian, Korean, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian and Spanish in all formats and in Simplified Chinese².  Also in December the printed version will be available in Simplified Chinese².

One way to get the PMBOK guide for free is to become a member of the PMI (Project Management Institute)³.  PMI members can electronically download the PMBOK guide and all other global standards for free³.  PMI members also have free or discounted access to project management webinars, events, tools and templates³.  Annual fee for PMI membership is $129³.  For student members, the annual fee is 32 USD³.

 Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/30/2023

 (1) PMBOK® 7 – PMI Turkey.  https://www.pmi.org.tr/gallery/proje-yonetimi-bilgi-birikimi-kilavuzu-pmbok-kilavuzu-7/.

 (2) PMBOK 6 Turkish and Agile Practice Guide Available… – PMI Turkey.  https://www.pmi.org.tr/pmbok-6-turkce-ve-cevik-uygulama-kilavuzu-satista/

 (3) From the PMBOK6® Guide to the PMBOK7® Guide – LinkedIn.  https://tr.linkedin.com/pulse/pmbok6-k%C4%B1lavuzundan-pmbok7-k%C4%B1lavuzuna-do%C4%9Fru-i%CC%87hsan-ger%C3%A7elman-pmp-.

Differences between version 6 and version 7 of the PMBOK manual

We can summarize the differences between version 6 and version 7 of the PMBOK manual as follows:

Structure and focus:

Version 6 of the PMBOK manual divides project management into five process groups and ten knowledge areas1.  These process groups and knowledge areas describe and describe the technical processes, inputs, tools, techniques, and outputs necessary to successfully plan, execute, monitor, control and close projects1.  Version 7 of the PMBOK guideline divides project management into eight performance areas2.  These performance areas define and describe the skills and resources required for projects to produce value-driven results2.  Version 7 of the PMBOK guide also introduces the twelve project delivery principles that underpin project management2.

Standards:

Version 6 of the PMBOK manual includes project management standards as a chapter1, while version 7 of the PMBOK manual presents project management standards as a separate book2.  Project management standards are rules and guidelines that define what project management is and how it should be done3.  Project management standards have been approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)3.

Models, methods and artifacts:

While version 6 of the PMBOK manual only mentions models, methods, and artifacts used in project management in certain processes or areas of knowledge1, version 7 of the PMBOK guideline defines and explains in a separate chapter the models, methods, and artifacts used in project management2.  Models are frameworks or approaches used in project management (eg water dump or agile)2.  Methods are techniques or practices used in project management (eg WBS or Gantt chart)2.  Artifacts are documents or products produced or used in project management (e.g. project plan or job description)2.

Agile Implementation Guide:

The Agile Practice Guide1, published together with version 6 of the PMBOK guide, is included in version 7 of the PMBOK guide2.  Agile Practice Guide provides guidance for understanding and applying agile approaches in project management

Who uses the PMBOK guide for what

The PMBOK guideline is a guide that defines and explains generally accepted principles and practices in the field of project management¹.  Project management can be defined as a temporary effort to achieve a specific goal¹.  The PMBOK manual divides project management into five process groups and ten knowledge areas¹.  These process groups and knowledge areas provide the information necessary to successfully plan, execute, monitor, control and close projects¹.

 If we ask who uses the PMBOK guide for what, we can answer as follows:

 1.      Project managers

 2.     Project team members

 3.     Project stakeholders

 4.     Project offices

Project managers:

Project managers are people who take responsibility for projects.  Project managers can use the PMBOK guide as a reference resource for managing their projects.  The PMBOK guide guides project managers through setting project objectives, preparing the project plan, managing the project team, communicating with project stakeholders, analyzing project risks, and measuring project performance¹.  Project managers can also use the PMBOK guide to prepare for the Project Management Professional (PMP) certification exam².

Project team members:

Project team members are the people who produce the deliverables of the project.  Project team members can use the PMBOK guide to understand the scope, timeline, cost, quality and resources of their projects.  The PMBOK guide guides project team members through participating in project processes, collaborating with the project manager, meeting the expectations of project stakeholders, and adapting to project changes¹.

Project stakeholders:

Project stakeholders are individuals or groups that are directly or indirectly affected by or can affect the project.  Project stakeholders can use the PMBOK guideline to understand the purpose, benefits and risks of their projects.  The PMBOK guide provides guidance to project stakeholders on issues such as getting information about the project, giving feedback about the project, making decisions about the project, and solving problems related to the project¹.

Project offices:

Project offices are units that support or standardize the management of projects.  Project offices can use the PMBOK guideline to ensure the governance of projects.  The PMBOK guideline guides project offices in setting project methodology, establishing project standards, monitoring and reporting project performance, and managing project portfolio¹.

PMBOK 5 Process Groups

1. Initiation Process Group
2. Planning Process Group
3. Executive Process Group
4. Monitoring and Control Process Group
5. Closing Process Group

1. Initialization Process Group:

The processes that enable the formal initiation of the project or project phase.  In these processes, the project scope is defined, the project team is formed, the project management plan is prepared and the project specification is approved¹.

2. Planning Process Group:

The processes that determine how the project or project phase will be executed and managed.  In these processes, elements such as project objectives, deliveries, timeline, cost estimation, quality standards, risk analysis, communication plan are determined¹.

3. Executive Process Group:

The processes that ensure that the project or project phase is carried out as planned.  In these processes, project deliverables are produced, resources are managed, quality control is carried out, stakeholders are communicated and change requests are evaluated¹.

4. Monitoring and Control Process Group:

They are the processes that enable the performance of the project or project phase to be monitored and measured.  In these processes, the project status is reported, deviations are detected, corrective and preventive actions are implemented, and the project scope is controlled¹.

5. Closing Process Group:

The processes that ensure the official completion of the project or project phase.  In these processes, project deliveries are accepted, contracts are closed, results are evaluated, lessons are learned and archived¹.

PMBOK 10 Knowledge Areas

1. Project Integration Management
2. Project Scope Management
3. Project Time Management
4. Project Cost Management
5. Project Quality Management
6. Project Resource Management
7. Project Communication Management
8. Project Risk Management
9. Project Procurement Management
10. Project Stakeholder Management

1. Project Integration Management:

It is the information field that brings together all the components of the project and works in harmony.  This knowledge area includes the following processes:

 ·       Developing Project Specification (Develop Project Charter),

 ·       Developing Project Management Plan (Develop Project Management Plan),

 ·       Direct and Managed Project Work,

 ·       Manage Project Knowledge,

 ·        Monitoring and Controlling Change Requests (Monitor and Control Project Work),

 ·        Integrated Change Control (Perform Integrated Change Control),

 ·        Close Project or Phase².

2. Project Scope Management:

It is the information field that defines what works the project will and will not do.  This knowledge area includes the following processes:

 ·       Plan Scope Management,

 ·       Definition of Scope (Collect Requirements),

 ·       Definition of Scope (Define Scope),

 ·        Creating A Detailed Scope List (Create WBS),

 ·       Verifying Scope (Validate Scope),

 ·       Control Scope².

3. Project Time Management:

It is the information field that ensures the completion of the project on time.  This knowledge area includes the following processes:

 ·       Plan Schedule Management,

 ·       Defining Activities (Define Activities),

 ·       Sequence Activities,

·       Estimate Activity Durations (Estimate Activity Durations),

 ·       Develop Schedule,

 ·        Control Schedule².

4. Project Cost Management:

It is the field of knowledge that allows planning, estimating and controlling the budget of the project.  This knowledge area includes the following processes:

 ·       Plan Cost Management,

 ·       Estimate Costs (Estimate Costs),

 ·       Determining the Budget (Determinated Budget),

 ·       Control Costs².

5. Project Quality Management:

It is the information field that ensures the compliance of the project with the quality standards.  This knowledge area includes the following processes:

 ·       Plan Quality Management (Plan Quality Management),

 ·      Manage Quality,

 ·       Control Quality².

6. Project Resource Management:

It is the information field that provides the management of the human, physical and material resources of the project.  This knowledge area includes the following processes:

 ·       Plan Resource Management,

 ·       Allocating Resources (Estimate Activity Resources),

 ·       Acquiring Resources (Acquire Resources),

 ·       Developing Resources (Develop Team),

 ·       Managing Resources (Manage Team),

 ·       Control Resources².

7. Project Communication Management:

It is the information field that provides the management of communication between the stakeholders of the project.  This knowledge area includes the following processes:

 ·        Plan Communication Management,

 ·        Manage Communications,

 ·        Monitoring and Controlling Communications (Monitor and Control Communications)².

8. Project Risk Management:

It is the information field that provides the management of the uncertainties of the project.  This knowledge area includes the following processes:

 ·       Plan Risk Management (Plan Risk Management),

 ·       Identify Risks (Identify Risks),

 ·        Analyzing Risks Qualitatively (Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis),

 ·        Analyzing Risks Quantitatively (Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis),

 ·       Planning Risk Responses (Plan Risk Responses),

 ·       Implementing Risk Responses (Implement Risk Responses),

 ·        Monitor and Control Risks².

9. Project Procurement Management:

It is the information field that enables the project to purchase the necessary goods or services from external sources.  This knowledge area includes the following processes:

 ·       Plan Procurement Management,

 ·        Conduct Procurements,

 ·        Control Procurements².

10. Project Stakeholder Management:

It is the information field that provides the management of the expectations and effects of the stakeholders of the project.  This knowledge area includes the following processes:

 ·       Identify Stakeholders (Identify Stakeholders),

 ·        Planning Stakeholder Engagement (Plan Stakeholder Engagement),

 ·      Manage Stakeholder Engagement (Manage Stakeholder Engagement),

 ·        Monitoring and Controlling Stakeholder Engagement (Monitor and Control Stakeholder Engagement)².

 Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/30/2023

 (1) DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PMBOK VERSION 4 AND VERSION 5 – SlideServe.  https://bing.com/search?q=PMBOK+5+s%c3%bcre%c3%a7+grubu+ve+10+bilgi+alan%c4%b1.

 (2) Oanda Project Management.  https://www.oandaprojeyonetimi.com.tr/gerekli-information/pmbok%C2%AE6-yayinlandi–.

 (3) How many project management knowledge areas are defined in the Pmbok manual.  https://aracbuzdolabi.net/how-many-project-management-knowledge-areas-are-defined-in-pmbok-guide.

 (4) 2022 PMP® Exam Simulator APK (Android App) – Free Download.  https://apkcombo.com/en/2022-pmp-exam-simulator/com.candidconnect.pmpexamsimulator.

 (5) DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PMBOK VERSION 4 AND VERSION 5 – SlideServe.  https://www.slideserve.com/minnie/pmbok-4-vers-yon-le-5-vers-yon-arasindak-farks.

Project Management Institute – PMI

Project Management Institute (PMI) is a globally recognized and leading organization in project management.  PMI was founded in 1969 and is headquartered in Pennsylvania, USA.  The organization operates with the aim of supporting the development of project management professionals and promoting the application of the project management discipline.

One of PMI’s most significant achievements is its Project Management Professional (PMP) certification program.  PMP is one of the most recognized and respected certifications in project management in the world.  PMP certification represents an international standard that demonstrates project management knowledge and skills.  PMI also promotes project management expertise by offering other certification programs and professional development resources.

Another important activity of PMI is the creation and dissemination of project management standards.  PMI publishes a resource called the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge – PMBOK Guide.  The PMBOK Guide defines project management processes, terminology and best practices.  In addition, PMI supports and publishes research related to the project management discipline.

PMI has many local and international branches and societies around the world.  These branches provide platforms where project management professionals can come together to share knowledge and experience, network and access training opportunities.

In summary, PMI is recognized as a standard setter in project management, offering certifications, resources, and communities for project management professionals.

Agile and Scrum

Agile is one of the software development methods.  Agile is a software development methodology that emphasizes the interaction between the individuals working on the project and the interaction between them, advocating that the changes should be responded to in cooperation with the customer in the process, and that the software should be constantly working in this process⁴.  Agile methodology emerged with the Agile Manifesto published in 2001.  The Agile Manifesto is founded on 4 core values ​​and 12 principles⁴.

Scrum;  Agile is one of the project management methods.  The Scrum Method is used for the management of software processes.  It also ensures reaching the goal with regular feedback and planning.  In this respect, it has a need-oriented and flexible structure.  Since it is oriented towards customer needs, it provides structuring according to feedback⁵.  The basic components of the Scrum method are:

– Scrum Team: It is a small, self-organizing and multifunctional team that takes responsibility for the project.  The Scrum team consists of three roles: Product Owner, Development Team, and Scrum Master¹.

– Scrum Activities: These are the planning, review, evaluation and daily meetings held at certain time intervals during the project process.  Scrum activities are: Sprint Planning, Daily Scrum, Sprint Review, Sprint Retrospective¹.

– Scrum Artifacts: Documents used to track and share project progress.  Scrum artifacts are: Product Catalog (Product Backlog), Sprint Catalog (Sprint Backlog), Increment¹.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/30/2023

 (1) What is Agile and Scrum?  |  by Gürkan GÜR |  medium.  https://gurkangur.medium.com/agile-ve-scrum-nedir-376cd7bf3c75.

 (2) What is the Scrum Method?  How is it applied?  – BTM.  https://btm.istanbul/blog/scrum-metodu-nedir-nasil-uygulanir.

 (3) What is Scrum Framework?  – Blog – MieS.  https://bing.com/search?q=Agile+ve+Scrum+what.

 (4) What is Agile?  What is Scrum?  Successful project management … – Medium.  https://medium.com/@PeopleBox/agile-what-is-scrum-ba%C5%9Far%C4%B1l%C4%B1-project-y%C3%B6netimi-y%C3%B6intems-64c4ae723496 .  (5) What is Agile and Scrum?  |  i-Academy.  https://www.iakademi.com/agile-ve-scrum-nedir/.

Sincerely

Abdülkadir Kaplan